According to the different stages of development, follicles can be divided into primordial follicles, primary follicles, secondary follicles, astral follicles and preparatory follicles. The follicles, the fundamental unit of the ovary, are comprised of the oocytes located in the middle, and the surrounding granuloma cells and membrane cells. Its main functions consist of secreting sex hormones and producing mature eggs. The ovary is the female reproductive organ. More significantly, it lays a solid foundation with which to diagnose and treat male infertility. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanism of spermatogenesis can better elucidate the genetic regulation of male germ cell development. Each stage of spermatogenesis is precisely monitored by a variety of factors.
Spermatogenesis consists of the following stages: stem-cell mitosis produces spermatocytes which undergo two meiosis to produce haploid round sperm cells, which eventually become mature sperm ( Griswold, 2016).
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That is, spermatogonia stem cells (SSCs) undergo a series of strictly regulated physiological progress to constitute spermatozoa. Spermatogenesis is a process through which male animals produce male gametes continuously. In recent years, more and more evidence has shown that ncRNAs are regulators of many biological processes and participate in multiple levels of gene expression regulation in the form of RNA in spermatogenesis and follicular development, such as genomic imprinting, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and meiosis ( Bernard et al., 2015 Taylor et al., 2015 Robles et al., 2019). Studies have demonstrated that noncoding RNA participates in the regulation of spermatogenesis and oogenesis ( Garcia-Lopez et al., 2015). As an important member of the gene regulatory network, previous gene transcriptional “noise” plays a very important role in the physiological and pathological processes of cells ( Yap et al., 2010 Wang and Chang, 2011). In the past 20 years, great progress has been made in the study of the role of small noncoding RNAs in cellular life, but the study of lncRNAs has attracted people’s attention in recent years. Regulatory sncRNAs include miRNAs and piRNAs ( Chen et al., 2019a).
There are many types of sncRNAs, which can be divided into constituent and regulatory types. According to the length, a large number of noncoding RNA in these cells can be classified into lncRNA (>200 nt) and small noncoding RNAs (sncRNA, <200 nt). With the development of genome-wide sequencing technology and high-throughput sequencing technology, it has been found that about 93% of the DNA sequences in the human genome can be transcribed into RNA, but only about 2% of the DNA sequences eventually encode proteins, with 90% of the DNA sequences being transcribed into ncRNAs ( Consortium et al., 2007 Consortium, 2012). This paper briefly presents the research on the reproductive process and reproductive diseases involving ncRNAs. The abnormal expression of ncRNA is closely linked to testicular germ cell tumors, poly cystic ovary syndrome and other diseases. Current studies have shown that these ncRNAs also play significant roles in the reproductive system and are involved in the regulation of essential cellular events in spermatogenesis and follicular development. piRNA functions mainly through silencing genomic transposable elements and the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs in animal germ cells. miRNAs are critical regulators of gene expression they mainly control the stability or translation of their target mRNA after transcription. LncRNA functions as a molecular bait, molecular signal and molecular scaffold in the body through molecular guidance. As vital members of the intracellular gene regulatory network, they affect various life activities of cells. Epigenetic regulation of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) is appropriate and is a research hotspot in the biomedical field these include long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA). Studies have shown that epigenetic changes are an important component of gametogenesis and related reproductive diseases. The World Health Organization predicts that infertility will be the third major health threat after cancer and cardiovascular disease, and will become a hot topic in medical research. School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.Chaofan He, Kaixian Wang, Yuanyuan Gao, Chen Wang, Leina Li, Yaping Liao, Ke Hu* and Meng Liang*
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